NOTES
2-Al-Mutazila: a sect of Muslims founded in the second Hejra century by Wasil bin Ata. 3-The Quran 2:124. 4-The Quran 32:24. 5-Al-Shaikh al-Mufeed, Idat Rasail al-Mufeed. p. 3. 6-Al-Tabarani, Al-Mujam al-Kabeer, vol. 19, p. 389. 7-Al-Baihaqi, Al-Sunnan al-Kubra, vol. 8, p. 156. Saheeh Muslim, vol. 4, p. 126. 8-Al-Kulani, Al-Usool min al-Kafi, vol. 1, p.18. 9-Al-Nissai, Al-Sunnan al-Kubra, vol. 5, p. 141. 10-Ibid. 11-Ibid; Mustadrik al-Hakim, vol. 3, p. 125. 12-Imam Ali, Nahj al-Balagha, p. 300. 13-The Quran 26:214. 14-Masnad Ahmed ibn Hanbal, vol. 1, p. 111: Tarikh al-Tabari, vol. 2, p. 321, Al-Haskani, Shawahid al-Tanzeel, vol. 1, p. 543. 15-Masnad Ahmed ibn Hanbal, ibid., p. 177; Saheeh Muslim, vol. 2 p. 360. 16-Masnad Ahmed, ibid., vol. 4, p.164-5: Sunnan al-Tarmathi, vol. 5, p. 594. 17-The Quran 33:33. 18-Al-Haskani, Shawahid al-Tanzeel, vol. 2, p. 26-27; Al-Tahawi, Mushkul al-Athar, vol. 1, p. 332; Masnad Ahmed, op. cit., vol. 4, p.107: Al-Nissai, Al-Sunnan al-Kubra, vol. 5, p.107. 19-The Quran 5:55-56. 20-Masnad Ahmed, op. cit., vol. 5, p.355. 21-Al-Nissai, Al-Sunnan al-Kubra, op. cit., vol. 5, p. 45. 22-The Quran 5:55. 23-Al-Sadr Muhammad Baqir, Bahth hawl al-wilayat, p. 78-79. 24-Part XXI, p.69. 25-The Quran 98:7. 26-Ibn Hajjar, Al-Sawaiq al-Muhriqa, p. 161; Al-Shablanji, Noor al- Absar fi Manaqib al-Anabi al-Athar, p.80; Jalal al-Deen al-Sayuti, Al- Dur al-Manthur, vol. 6, p. 379. 27-Ibn al-Atheer, Al-Nihaya fi Ghareeb al-Hadeeth wal Athar, vol. 4, p. 106. 28-The Quran 42:23. 29-Tarikh al-Yaqubi, vol. 2, p.124; ibn Qutaiba al-Daynouri, Al-Imama was Siasah, vol. 1, p.19. 30-Shaikh al-Mufeed, Awail al-Maqalat, p. 47. 31-Al-Majlisi, Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 25, p.194. 32-Al-Muqdad al-Sayuri, part XI, p.37. 33-The Quran 2:124. 34-The Quran 33:33. 35-Al-Hakim, al-Mustadrik ala al-Sahehain, vol. 2, p. 451; Al-Baihaqi, Al-Sunnan al-Kubra, vol. 2, p. 152; Sunan al-Tarmathi, vol. 5, p. 45. 36-Al-Nisai, al-Sunan al-Kubra, vol. 5, p. 45. 37-Al-Sayuti, Al-Jami al-Sagheer, vol. 2, p. 533. Al-Tabari, Thakair al- Ukba, p. 20. Al-Haithami, Majma al-Zawad, vol. 9, p.168. 38-The Quran 42:23. 39-Al-Sayuti, Al-Dur al-Manthur, vol. 6, p. 6; Ibn al-Magazli, Manaqib Ali ibn Abi Talib, p.307. Al-Zamakshari, Al-Kashaf; Al-Qurtubi, Al-Jami li Ahkam al-Quran. 40-Saheeh al-Bukhari, vol. 4, p. 217. 41-Ibn Hajjar al-Haithami, Al-Sawaiq al-Muhriqa, p. 200. 42-Ibn Hajjar, Tahtheeb al-Tahtheeb, vol. 9, p. 269. 43-Rasail al-Jahiz al-Siasiah, p.45; Ibn Abi al-Hadeed, Sharih Nahj al- Balagha, vol. 15, p. 274. 44-Al-Imad al-Hanbali, Shathrat al-Thahab, vol. 1, p. 149. 45-Ibn Saad, Al-Tabakat al-Kubra, vol. 5, p. 324. 46-Ibn Haban, Al-Thuqat, vol. 6, p. 131. 47-Al-Nisai, Al-Jarh wa al-Tadeel, vol. 8, p. 139. 48-Cited by ibn Hajar, Tahtheeb al-Tahtheeb, vol. 2, p. 89. 49-Ibn al-Jawzi, Tathkirat al-Khwas, p.198. 50-Al-Tabrisi, Ilam al-Wara bi Alam al-Huda, p. 238. 51-Ibn al-Jawzi, Tathkirat al-Khawas, p. 202. 52-Al-Thahabi, Tarikh al-Islam, p. 218. 53-Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali, Shatharat al-Dahab, vol. 2, p. 128-9. 54-Ibn al-Jawzi, op. cit., p. 362. 55-Masnad Ahmed, vol. 1 p. 84; Sinan Ibn Maja, vol. 2, p. 1367. 56-Hakim, al-Mustadrik, vol. 4, p. 557. 57-Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib, Nahj al-Balagha, Al-Khutba al-Ula. 58-Ascribing human attributes to God (Translator's note). 59-This is a term used by the Sufi mystics for observing all visible things in God's existence. (Translator's note). 60-Another Sufi term referring to the union of the spirit with God. (Translator's note). 61-Literally all those who exaggerate in religion and applied especially to those who ascribed divine or prophetic attributes to some Imams (Translator's note). 62-Al-Kulaini, al-Usool min al-Kafi, vol. 1, see the part on divine unity. 63-Al-Shaikh al-Mufeed, Sharh aqaid al-Sadiq, p. 239. 64-Reference is made here to Abdullah ibn Sada and his followers. 65-Al-Jabur or Necessitarianism is the belief that denies free agency of man. 66-The Quran 90:10. 67-The Quran 76:3. 68-Al-Shaikh al-Sadduq, Al-Tawheed, p. 361. 69-Al-Muqdad al-Sayuri, p. 39. 70-The Quran 2:213. 71-The Quran 2:177. 72-The Quran 3:169. 73-Al-Alama al-Hili, Nahj al-Haq wa kashfal-sidq, p. 376. 74-Al-Majlisi, Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 6 p. 220. 75-The Quran 21:28. 76-The Quran 34:23. 77-Masnad Ahmed, vol. 5 p. 149. 78-Ibid vol. 3, p. 63. 79-Al-Majlisi, op. cit., vol. 8 p. 37. 80-The Quran 53:39. 81-The Quran 99:7-8. 82-The Quran 45:18. 83-Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr, Duroos fi Ilm usool al-fikh, p.13. 84-The Quran 45:18. 85-The Quran 59:7. 86-Al-Kulaini, Al-usool min al-Kafi, vol. 1, p. 59. 87-Al-Kulaini, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 6. 88-Ibid. 89-Rijal al-Kushi, vol. 2, p. 489. 90-Al-Kulaini, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 62. 91-Al-Shatibi, Kitqab al-Muwafaqat, vol. 4 p. 74. 92-Al-Khateeb al-Baghdadi, Tarikh Baghdad, vol. 13, p. 368. 93-Al-Tahawe, Usool al-Ahkam, Vol. 2, p. 155. 94-Ijtihad: logical deduction on a legal or theological issue by a learned jurist or theologian who would be called 'mujtahid' (Translator's note). 95-Asharia: A group founded by Abu al-Hassan al-Ashari (260-324 A.H.) they held that God had eternal attributes distinct from his essence such as his knowledge, speech and that it was by these that he was knowing, seeing and speaking they also maintained that good and evil is willed by God (Translator's note) . 96-Al-Mutazila: a group founded in the second Hijri century by Wasil ibn Ata. They affirmed that God has no attributes distinct from his essence and rejected the doctrine of predestination. 97-Narrated by ibn Jarir in his commentary on the verse and similarly by al-Zamakshari and al-Kashaf; al-Sayuti, Al-Dur al-Manthur; Al-Mutaki al-Hindi, Kanz al-Umal, vol. 6, p. 48. Al-Wahidi, Asbab al-Nuzool. 98-Ibn Abd al-Bur al-Qurtubi, Al-Istiab, vol. 3, p. 38. 99-Al-Tabarani, Al-Mujam al-Kabeer, vol. 11, p. 55. 100-Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr, Al-Fatwa al-Wadha, p. 98. 101-Qiyas: It is a method of analogical reasoning used by juriconsults to define a rule which is not explicitly provided for in the Quran or the tradition. 102-Istihsan: It is used in the exegesis of the Quran and the Prophet's tradition and stems from a rejection of Qiyas and acceptance of the expediency rule. 103-The Quran 2:256. 104-The Quran 15:9. 105-The Quran 75:17. 106-Al-Shaikh al-Tebrasi, Majmu al-Bayyan fi Tafseer al-Quran. 107-Cited by al-Shaikh al-Balaghi, Ala al-Rahma fi Tafseer al-Quran, vol. 1, p.18. 108-Al-Shaikh al-Sadduq, al-Itikadat, p.59. 109-Abu al-Qassim al-Khoui, Al-Bayyan fi Tafseer al-Quran, p 217. 110-Reference is made here to the versions of the Quran burned by Othman after the collection of the Quran. 111-The Quran 3:7. 112-The Quran 3:7. 113-A-Raghib al-Asfahani, Mujam Alfath al-Quran. 114-Al-Razi, Mukhtar al-Sihah. 115-Al-Majlisi, Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 47, p. 271. 116-Ibid. 117-The Quran 15:9. 118-The Quran 75:17. 119-Abu al-Qassim al-Khoui, Majmu al-Bayyan fi Tafseer al-Quran, p. 221. 120-Al-Kulaini, Al-Usool min al-Kafi, vol. 2. 121-The Quran 12:2. 122-The Quran 16:64. 123-The Quran 47:24. 124-Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr, Duroos fi Ilm al-Fikh, p. 82. 125-The Quran 42:13. 126-The Quran 3:103. 127-The Quran 42:13.
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